1	Economy vs. The Environment: Fact or Fiction?
2	Hypothesis: Environmental Protection Harms the Economy
3	Method Compare economic strength indices with environmental policy or health indices
4	“Gold and Green 2000” example indicators Gold Unemployment Poverty Rate Business start-ups Income gap between rich and poor High school graduation Green Water use Toxic spills Air quality Miles driven Budgeting for environment Emissions/job
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6	Method Monitor economic response to environmental policies
7	Environmental Laws and Jobs, Southern California 1970-90
8	Control: Job Growth, LA Basin vs. U.S. 1960-1990
9	Do Wildland Ecosystems have Quantifiable Economic Values?
10	Ecosystem Services Climate Regulation Waste Treatment Water Quality Genetic Diversity Pollination Commodity Production Soil Formation Erosion Control Nutrient Cycling Recreation
11	Methods Calculation of the value of ecosystem services e.g. replacement cost Direct Valuation of ecosystem services by “willingness to pay” surveys Direct Valuation by measurement of spending by users
12	Value Estimates for Ecosystem Services Nutrient Cycling, global: $17 trillion/yr* Soil erosion, global: $250 billion/yr lost productivity Medicinal plants in tropical forests: up to $60/ha/yr* Replacement water filtration, NYC: $7 billion
13	Commodities and Crops Nearly 1/4 of prescriptions written in the U.S. are based on natural products: Madagascar periwinkle (Vinca sp.) produces substances used to treat leukemia Purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) produces digitalis - used to treat heart ailments. Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia) produces taxol - used to treat ovarian and breast cancers. 80% of the world's cultivated crops are pollinated by wild and semiwild pollinators. Sources: S.F. Chronicle. 5/8/95, NY Times 2/2/99; State of the World 1997. Worldwatch Institute. W.W. Norton and Co., New York.
14	Value of Wildland Recreation 1996 expenditures for wildlife-related recreation (watching, fishing, hunting), U.S.: $101 billion California: $7.5 billion INCLUDES: boots, beer, bait, bullets, binoculars, travel, taxidermy, food, etc. Source: US Fish and Wildlife, 1996 Survey of fishing, hunting, and wildlife-associated recreation
15	Wildlife Watching U.S. 1996: $29.2 billion in expenditures 1 million jobs California: $2.1 billion expenditures 47 thousand jobs Source: US Fish and Wildlife, 1996 Survey of fishing, hunting, and wildlife-associated recreation
16	Wildland Recreation California State Parks, 2002 : $2 billion into local economies Columbia river, $/fish caught: $70* SF Chronicle 11/5/2001 * Niemi, E. and E. Whitelaw. 1995.
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18	Costs vs. Costs Livestock Grazing Recreational and Commercial Fishing habitat degradation reduces catch and earnings Sediment Removal costs to dredge channels and reservoirs, repair meadows, treat municipal water Water Quality Reduction costs to treat municipal and industrial water Tourism revenues decrease as aesthetic & ecological values damaged
19	Examine Data Closely From 1980 to 1988, 13,800 timber jobs were lost in the Northwest and timber/mill wages fell 18% Sources: California Senate Office of Research, 1996; Niemi et al., 1999
20	"Over the same period" Over the same period, Northwest timber output grew by 19.2%
21	Economic Response to Species Listings - Examples States with more listed species tend to show stronger real estate market growth (Stephen Meyer, 1996) In 1995, 5 years after the listing of nothern spotted owl, Oregon posted its lowest unemployment rate in 25 years: 5.2%. (ABC News, July, 1995)
22	Ecosystem Services from Rivers, Aquifers, Wetlands Water supply for household use, manufacturing, irrigation Commodities e.g. fish, fowl, shellfish Processes e.g. flood control, transportation, recreation, wildlife habitat, soil fertiliztion, enhanced property values
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